(...)
Immunoglobulins with heritable structural differences are called allotypes, or genetic markers. Since the discovery of the GM system (genetic markers on immunoglobulins) by Grubb and Laurel in 1956, more than 20 allotypes have been described in the heavy chains of three out of all four IgG subclasses. In 1964 we discovered a new allotype, designated by Gm(t), during our studies on blood group frequencies in the isolated population of Osaka province. At the same time, another Gm allotype was described by Van Loghem in Amsterdam, which he later called Gm(s). These new markers were later examined together. It turned out that the Gm(s, t) gene was present in isolated Japanese populations, and also that the Gm ab3st as a marker (described in 1966) is typical of the Mongoloid race as a whole....
These allotypes are inherited without changes, and are called Gm haplotypes. The shared Gm haplotypes among different Mongoloid populations are: Gm ag, axg, ab3st, afb1b3, while among Caucasian populations: Gm ag, axg, fb1b3, and among Negroids: Gm ab1b3, ab3s, and ab1c. Characteristic of Mongoloids are the haplotypes ab3st and afb1b3, whereas that of Caucasians is fb1b3....
The widespread Mongoloid populations that migrated first from Southeast Asia to East Asia, and from there further east to North and South America, invariably possess the four Gm haplotypes: Gm ag, axg, ab3st and afb1b3 that are typical of this race. A surprising feature of this marker system is that in relation to one another, there is a continuous change (genocline) in the relative frequencies of these markers. There are essentially two groups with this respect. The first that is typically called " northern mongoloid" is characterized by high ag and low afb1b3 frequencies. In contrast, the other group, called the "southern mongoloid" has high afb1b3 and low ag frequencies. The frequency of the Mongoloid marker gene, the ab3st, also shows similar changes. Particularly high frequencies of this gene have been detected in the Buriats (in the North) on the shores of Lake Baikal, in the Oroqens, Tungus, Ainus, Eskimos, in populations of Mongolia, in Koreans, Japanese, and Koriaks, with the highest values in the Buriats. On the other hand, the frequency of this marker gradually declines and eventually disappears from mainland China to Taiwan and from Southeast Asia to South America via North America as the map shows....
As we already know, the Gm gene frequencies of the northern and southern Mongoloid populations are different. The ab3stz is more frequent in the northern, whereas the afb1b3 has a higher concentration in the southern Mongoloids.
In Hungary, both genes have been detected, but their frequencies are far from being equal. As the table shows, the frequency of the ab3stz is many times higher than that of afb1b3. Their distribution in the country is uneven (see map below). There are regions where the frequency of ab3stz is above 0.03 (3 %), and therefore the northern Mongoloid gene is substantially widespread in Hungary. However, there is no doubt that 95 % of the Hungarian gene pool comprises those that are typical of other Europeans.
As I indicated, the study has not been finished, and some areas still await further analyses. By increasing the sample size, the results could be even more precise. Despite this, the presented results are already significant...
At this stage of the study, it would be premature to conclude that the local differences in the frequency of the Mongoloid markers are associated with certain Hungarian ethnic groups. What is clear is the fact that Mongoloid genetic markers are present in Hungarians in approximately 5%. Quoting professor Bartucz:" The mongoloid elements detected in Hungarians are not homogenous, and fall into several distinct groups that are not the different mixing forms of the same Mongoloid elements, but are original racial types within the Mongoloid race." (L. Bartucz: The Hungarian Man. in: Hungarian Land, Hungarian Race. 19??. p. 428.)
The genetic composition of Hungarians shows some similarities with that of the Japanese, so a distant relationship is undeniable. The great differences should be emphasized, however, since the Mongoloid genes are present at a much higher frequency in Mongoloids and Japanese. Is a common origin possible? There are no data available on whether or not Hungarians lived in the vicinity of Japanese. Nevertheless, the contact between Hungarians and Mongoloids are preserved in the genes, although it is not known yet when and where this contact took place.
(...)
